Free Form of the Foldy-Wouthuysen Transformation in External Electromagnetic Fields

We derive the exact Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation for Dirac fermions in a time independent external electromagnetic field in the basis of the Ritus eigenfunctions, namely the eigenfunctions of the operator $(\gamma \cdot \Pi)^2$, with $\Pi^\mu = p^\mu - e A^\mu$. In this basis, the transformation acquires a free form involving the dynamical quantum numbers induced by the field.Comment: 8 pages. Accepted in J. Phys. A: Math. and Theo. (Fast Track Communication

Estudio clínico morfológico de la deformación del borde dorsal del cuello del burro de raza andaluza

The aim of this study was to a clinical, morphological of deformation dorsal neck edge on donkeys Andalusian in Bodonal de la Sierra, Extremadura, Spain. We studied a total of 31 donkeys. Clinical examination was performed and morphological considering weight and body condition was measured cervical perimeter. Deformation of the dorsal edge of the neck in all cases studied was evident. Morphological study was to consider the deformation of the dorsal edge of the neck considering the crest of the neck (score of 1 to 5) evidenced. 0 and 1 score-no donkey under these categories. Score 2 - 42 % Score. 3 - 32% score. 4 - 3 % and score 5 - 23%. The statistical results of the peso versus the cervical neck circumference showed a correlation coefficient of 0.773 and the score grade obese neck and body condition was 0.240. In conclusion lesions consistent with deformation of the dorsal edge of the neck in Andalusian breed donkeys were observed.Se plantea como objetivo un estudio clínico morfológico de la deformación del borde dorsal del cuello en burros de raza Andaluza en Bodonal de la Sierra, Extremadura-España. Fueron estudiados un total de 31 burros. Se practicó un examen clínico y morfológico considerando condición corporal peso y se midió el perímetro cervical. Se evidenció deformación del borde dorsal del cuello en todos los casos estudiados. El estudio morfológico para considerar la deformación del borde dorsal del cuello considerando la cresta de la nuca (puntuación del 1 al 5) evidencio: para Puntuación 0 y 1.- ningún burro bajo estas categorías. Puntuación 2.- 42%, Puntuación 3.- 32%, Puntuación 4.- 3% y Puntuación 5.- 23%. Los resultados estadísticos del peso versus el perímetro cervical del cuello presentaron un coeficiente de correlación de 0.773 y para el grado puntuación del cuello obeso y condición corporal fue de 0.240. En conclusión se observaron lesiones compatibles con la deformación del borde dorsal del cuello en burros de raza Andaluza

Textos Médico-Farmacéuticos renacentistas en la Biblioteca Pública de Orihuela

En la Biblioteca Pública de la ciudad de Orihuela, situada en los márgenes del río Segura, habiendo desempeñado un papel importante a lo largo de la historia, se conserva una amplia colección de libros médico-farmacéuticos, provenientes de la Universidad Literaria que allí existió en el siglo XVI. Del fondo de libros antiguos, nosotros recogemos en este trabajo todos los pertenecientes al siglo XVI que por su carácter médico-farmacéutico tienen un especial interés para los historiadores de la Medicina y de la Farmacia

Pharmacological treatment of obesity

El tratamiento de la obesidad, estará basado siempre en dos pilares fundamentales, dieta y ejercicio. No obstante, en determinados casos puede estar indicado un tratamiento farmacológico adicional. Se revisan los posibles tratamientos en función del lugar de actuación, de acuerdo al mismo esquema que sigue el alimento en el organismo, esto es: ingesta, absorción, metabolismo y excreción. De esta forma, se repasan los anorexígenos, que actúan sobre la ingesta; los distintos tipos de fibras e inhibidores que actúan en la absorción; y en los fármacos que actúan sobre el metabolismo, se describe la línea de investigación que actualmente se encuentra abierta sobre fármacos estimuladores α,β-selectivos, como el futuro en el tratamiento de la obesidad.The treatrnent of the obesity will be based always in two fundamentals points: diet, and exercise. Although, in sorne cases it could be indicated an aditional pharmacologic treatment. Possibles treatments depending of the actuation place, according to the same scheme that food follows in the organism, have been revised. This is: intake, absorption, metabolism and excretion. In this way, the anorexigenics which act on the intake are revised; the different kind of fibres and inhibitors which act in the absorption; and in drugs which act on the metabolism, the investigation way that actually is open about specific α,β-adrenoceptor agonist like the future in the obesity treatment, is described

Tratamiento farmacológico de la obesidad

The treatrnent of the obesity will be based always in two fundamentals points: diet, and exercise. Although, in sorne cases it could be indicated an aditional pharmacologic treatment. Possibles treatments depending of the actuation place, according to the same scheme that food follows in the organism, have been revised. This is: intake, absorption, metabolism and excretion. In this way, the anorexigenics which act on the intake are revised; the different kind of fibres and inhibitors which act in the absorption; and in drugs which act on the metabolism, the investigation way that actually is open about specific  α,β-adrenoceptor agonist like the future in the obesity treatment, is described.El tratamiento de la obesidad, estará basado siempre en dos pilares fundamentales, dieta y ejercicio. No obstante, en determinados casos puede estar indicado un tratamiento farmacológico adicional. Se revisan los posibles tratamientos en función del lugar de actuación, de acuerdo al mismo esquema que sigue el alimento en el organismo, esto es: ingesta, absorción, metabolismo y excreción. De esta forma, se repasan los anorexígenos, que actúan sobre la ingesta; los distintos tipos de fibras e inhibidores que actúan en la absorción; y en los fármacos que actúan sobre el metabolismo, se describe la línea de investigación que actualmente se encuentra abierta sobre fármacos estimuladores  α,β- selectivos, como el futuro en el tratamiento de la obesidad

Molecular analysis of menadione-induced resistance against biotic stress in Arabidopsis

19 páginas, 6 figuras, 2 tablas.Menadione sodium bisulphite (MSB) is a water-soluble derivative of vitamin K3, or menadione, and has been previously demonstrated to function as a plant defence activator against several pathogens in several plant species. However, there are no reports of the role of this vitamin in the induction of resistance in the plant model Arabidopsis thaliana. In the current study, we demonstrate that MSB induces resistance by priming in Arabidopsis against the virulent strain Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pto) without inducing necrosis or visible damage. Changes in gene expression in response to 0.2 mm MSB were analysed in Arabidopsis at 3, 6 and 24 h post-treatment using microarray technology. In general, the treatment with MSB does not correlate with other publicly available data, thus MSB produces a unique molecular footprint. We observed 158 differentially regulated genes among all the possible trends. More up-regulated genes are included in categories such as 'response to stress' than the background, and the behaviour of these genes in different treatments confirms their role in response to biotic and abiotic stress. In addition, there is an over-representation of the G-box in their promoters. Some interesting functions are represented among the individual up-regulated genes, such as glutathione S-transferases, transcription factors (including putative regulators of the G-box) and cytochrome P450s. This work provides a wide insight into the molecular cues underlying the effect of MSB as a plant resistance inducer.This work was partially funded by an INVESCAN, S.L. grant (No.OTT2001438) to the CSIC and by a BIO2006-02168 grant of MICINN to PT. The microarrays were funded in part by the “Genome España” Foundation. MER was supported by a research contract (ID-TF-06/002) from the Consejería de Industria, Comercio y Nuevas Tecnologías (Gobierno de Canarias). The authors thank CajaCanarias for their research support. We also thank Lorena Perales for her help in performing the bacterial growth curves, Dr. Héctor Cabrera for his useful advice on writing the manuscript, the English translation service of the Universidad Politécnica de Valencia and Mrs. Pauline Agnew whose endeavoured to edit the English translation of this paper.Peer reviewe

Bar pattern speeds in CALIFA galaxies: I. Fast bars across the Hubble sequence

The bar pattern speed ($\Omega_{\rm b}$) is defined as the rotational frequency of the bar, and it determines the bar dynamics. Several methods have been proposed for measuring $\Omega_{\rm b}$. The non-parametric method proposed by Tremaine \& Weinberg (1984; TW) and based on stellar kinematics is the most accurate. This method has been applied so far to 17 galaxies, most of them SB0 and SBa types. We have applied the TW method to a new sample of 15 strong and bright barred galaxies, spanning a wide range of morphological types from SB0 to SBbc. Combining our analysis with previous studies, we investigate 32 barred galaxies with their pattern speed measured by the TW method. The resulting total sample of barred galaxies allows us to study the dependence of $\Omega_{\rm b}$ on galaxy properties, such as the Hubble type. We measured $\Omega_{\rm b}$ using the TW method on the stellar velocity maps provided by the integral-field spectroscopy data from the CALIFA survey. Integral-field data solve the problems that long-slit data present when applying the TW method, resulting in the determination of more accurate $\Omega_{\rm b}$. In addition, we have also derived the ratio $\cal{R}$ of the corotation radius to the bar length of the galaxies. According to this parameter, bars can be classified as fast ($\cal{R}$ $1.4). For all the galaxies,$\cal{R}$is compatible within the errors with fast bars. We cannot rule out (at 95$\%$level) the fast bar solution for any galaxy. We have not observed any significant trend between$\cal{R}$ and the galaxy morphological type. Our results indicate that independent of the Hubble type, bars have been formed and then evolve as fast rotators. This observational result will constrain the scenarios of formation and evolution of bars proposed by numerical simulations.Comment: 17 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in A&

The \gamma \gamma \to \phi_i\phi_j processes in the type-III two-Higgs-doublet model

We discuss the implications of assuming a four-zero Yukawa texture and a general Higgs potential for the production of neutral Higgs boson pairs at \gamma \gamma colliders through the \gamma \gamma \to \phi_i\phi_j (\phi_i = h, H, A) reaction within the context of the two Higgs doublet model type III. Exact analytical expressions for the \gamma \gamma \to \phi_i\phi_j reaction are presented. The use of a nonlinear R_\xi-gauge, which considerably simplifies the loop calculations and renders compact analytical expressions, is stressed. We show that these processes are very sensitive to a general structure of the Higgs potential that impact the triple and quartic couplings of the scalar sector. We present results for scenarios of the parameters of the model that are still consistent with current experimental constraints. It is found that the cross sections for the \gamma \gamma \to \phi_i\phi_j processes can be up to two orders of magnitude larger than those gotten in 2HDM type I and type II. The possibility of a light CP--scalar is also studied